Kellogg's Western Health Reform Institute served peanut butter to patients because they needed a food that contained a lot of protein that could be eaten without chewing. He was issued a patent for a "Process of Producing Alimentary Products" in 1898, and used peanuts, although he boiled the peanuts rather than roasting them. John Harvey Kellogg, known for his line of prepared breakfast cereals, was an advocate of using plant foods as a healthier dietary choice rather than meat. He mixed sugar into the paste to harden its consistency. Edson's cooled product had "a consistency like that of butter, lard, or ointment" according to his patent application which described a process of milling roasted peanuts until the peanuts reached "a fluid or semi-fluid state". Marcellus Gilmore Edson of Montreal, Quebec, Canada, obtained a patent for a method of producing peanut butter from roasted peanuts using heated surfaces in 1884. While the earliest example of grinding peanuts into paste has been traced to the Aztecs and Incas, the US National Peanut Board credits three modern inventors with the earliest patents related to the production of modern peanut butter. The name "butter" was specifically defined for real butter, to avoid confusion with margarine. When peanut butter was brought onto the market in the Netherlands by Calvé in 1948, it was not allowed to do so under the name "peanut butter". Modern peanut butter is still referred to as " pindakaas" (peanut cheese) in Dutch for this reason, Suriname having been a Dutch colony at that time. Pinda bravoe, a soup-like peanut based dish, also existed in Suriname around that time. This was more solid than modern peanut butter, and could be cut and served in slices like cheese. Ī related dish named pinda-käse (peanut cheese) existed in Suriname by 1783. By the time Carver published his document about peanuts, entitled "How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it For Human Consumption" in 1916, many methods of preparation of peanut butter had already been developed or patented by various pharmacists, doctors, and food scientists working in the US and Canada. As the US National Peanut Board confirms, "Contrary to popular belief, George Washington Carver did not invent peanut butter." Carver was given credit in popular folklore for many inventions that did not come out of his lab.
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